Comments on the articles dealing with individual performance criteria that are included in this special issue of Military Psychology.

Individual performance criterion measurement is central to effective personnel management in the military services, and to all other organizations as well. The articles in this special issue summarize the state of the art in all major phases of performance criterion development and assessment. The overall record, while it varies in terms of current progress across the major parts, is admirable. What's next is an equally thorough examination of the utility of validity.

Advancing the Practice of Contemporary Military Performance Psychology:A Full-Spectrum Approach to Psychological Health and Readiness.

The Department of Defense (DoD) continues to emphasize operational readiness, lethality, and optimal performance. Performance psychology is a critical aspect of and central dimension to human performance optimization in support of Preservation of the Force and Family (POTFF) and Total Force Fitness (TFF). The delivery of performance psychology services must continue to evolve to maximize its potential for enhancing combat performance and supporting psychological readiness in warfighters across all branches of service. The authors (1) provide a brief history of the evolution of military psychology; (2) explore how performance psychology complements and broadens approaches to support warfighter health and readiness; and (3) present a set of strategies to advance performance psychology services toward an aspirational model. Such strategies will more effectively promote best practices to better target operational performance, complement existing health and medical service delivery, and encompass a systems approach to sustainable training. Moreover, these strategies aim to increase return on investment of psychological readiness efforts for warfighters across all branches of service.

Examination of military personnel’s changed psychological statesduring long-term deployment in a war zone

Una de las formas más eficaces para prevenir las consecuencias negativas del despliegue en la zona militar para la salud mental de los militares es diagnosticar su estado psicológico. En el presente estudio se determinan las particularidades de los cambios en el estado psicológico de los militares (n = 192) durante el despliegue de seis meses en la zona militar en el este de Ucrania. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron ambas hipótesis formuladas: en cuanto a la posibilidad de determinar, sobre la base del diagnóstico del estado psicológico, el plazo recomendado para el despliegue de los militares en la línea de demarcación en el este de Ucrania, que es de tres meses. Así como también sobre las posibles diferencias significativas en la dinámica del estado psicológico de los militares que tienen y no tienen experiencia en el despliegue. Asimismo, se argumenta la necesidad de monitorear el estado psicológico de los militares durante el despliegue con el propósito de prevenir oportunamente las consecuencias negativas para su salud mental y para la ejecución exitosa de las tareas de la subunidad militar.(AU)

Examining military personnel’s psychological states is an effec-tive way to prevent negative mental health consequences during their de-ployment in a war zone. The present study identifies changes in the psy-chological states of military personnel (n=192) during a 6-month deploy-ment in a war zone in eastern Ukraine. The results confirmed both of our proposed hypotheses. First, with regard to time limits on military person-nel’s deployment on the front lines in eastern Ukraine on the basis of ex-amined psychological states, the estimated recommended deployment du-ration was three months. Second, we found significant differences in the dynamics of the psychological states of service members with versus with-out previous deployment experience. The results also substantiate that mil-itary personnel’s psychological states should be monitored during deploy-ment in order to prevent negative mental health consequences and to en-sure that military units successfully accomplish their tasks.(AU)

Evidências de validade da escala de engajamento na carreira no contexto militar / Validity evidence of the career engagement scale in the military context / Evidencias de validez de la escala de compromiso profesional en el contexto militar

O engajamento na carreira associa-se a comportamentos proativos capazes de intensificar o desenvolvimento da carreira. Este estudo buscou reunir evidências de validade de estrutura interna da Escala de Engajamento na Carreira e de suas relações com variáveis externas, em contexto militar. A amostra foi composta por 467 militares do Exército Brasileiro, de ambos os sexos (94,4% do sexo masculino), majoritariamente pertencentes à linha bélica (82,4%) e provenientes de diferentes estados, com destaque para o Rio de Janeiro (39,2%). Os participantes responderam a escalas de engajamento na carreira, adaptabilidade de carreira, autoeficácia geral percebida, satisfação com a carreira e percepção atual do desenvolvimento profissional, de forma on-line. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias evidenciaram que o modelo de dois fatores de 1ª ordem com um fator de 2ª ordem apresentou os melhores índices de ajustes, diferindo do modelo original do instrumento. A Escala de Engajamento na Carreira obteve correlação significativa e positiva alta com a adaptabilidade de carreira e significativa e positiva moderada com a autoeficácia, a satisfação com a carreira e o desenvolvimento profissional. Concluiu-se que as evidências de validade obtidas possibilitam o uso futuro da escala na avaliação do engajamento na carreira no contexto militar.(AU)

Career engagement is associated with proactive behaviors capable of enhancing career development. The study sought to gather evidence of the internal structure validity of the Career Engagement Scale and its relations to external variables in a military context. The sample consisted of 467 soldiers of the Brazilian Army, of both sexes (94.4% male), belonging mainly to the war line (82.4%) and coming from different states, with emphasis on Rio de Janeiro (39.2%). The participants answered on-line the scales for measuring career engagement, career adaptability, perceived general self-efficacy, satisfaction with the career and current perception of professional development. The confirmatory factor analyses showed that the model of two factors of 1st order with a factor of 2nd order was the one that presented the best fit indexes, differing from the original model of the instrument. The Career Engagement Scale obtained a significant and positive high correlation with career adaptability and a significant and positive moderate correlation with self-efficacy, career satisfaction, and professional development. We concluded that the validity evidence obtained allow the future use of the scale for evaluating career engagement in the military context.(AU)

El compromiso profesional se asocia con comportamientos proactivos capaces de mejorar el desarrollo profesional. El estudio buscó recolectar evidencias de validez de la estructura interna de la Escala de Compromiso Profesional y de sus relaciones con variables externas en un contexto militar. La muestra estaba compuesta por 467 soldados del Ejército Brasileño, de ambos sexos (94,4% hombres), en su mayoría pertenecientes a la línea de guerra (82,4%), provenientes de diferentes estados, con énfasis en Río de Janeiro (39,2%). Los participantes respondieron a las escalas de compromiso profesional, adaptabilidad profesional, autoeficacia general percibida, satisfacción con la carrera y percepción actual del desarrollo profesional en línea. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que el modelo de dos factores de 1er orden con un factor de 2do orden fue el que presentó mejores índices de ajustes, diferenciándose del modelo original del instrumento. La Escala de Compromiso Profesional obtuvo una alta correlación significativa y positiva con la adaptabilidad a la carrera y una correlación significativa y positiva moderada con la autoeficacia, la satisfacción profesional y el desarrollo profesional. Se concluyó que las evidencias de validez de la escala permiten su uso futuro en la evaluación del compromiso profesional, en el contexto militar.(AU)

Typology of Personal Characteristics of Cadets Who Use Psychoactive Substances

The aime of this study was the development of the typology of personal characteristics of cadets who used drugs on a permanent, temporary, or single basis. Sixty five cadets from different courses of the higher educational institution participated in this study. A medical examination verified the drug abuse. Determination of Type Accentuation of Character Traits and Temper, Questionnaire of Suicide Risk, Sіxteen Personality Factor Questionnare, Progressive Matrix, Questionnaire on Examination of Professional Selection Motivation, Self-Esteem Structures of Temper Questionnaire, and Multilevel Personality Adaptability’ Questionnaire were used as instruments for evaluate personal characteristics. Cluster analysis differentiate the cadets who use drugs through the indicators of adaptive abilities. Developed typology gave the possibility to distinguish the reason of cadets being sensitive in relation to drug-dealers manipulations; e.g., openness, desire to get impressions, naivete, eagerness to become a part of the group, credulity, unreal expectations, desire to be active, and tendency to unnecessary risking (AU)

Trastornos de estrés agudo: consideraciones a partir de un caso clínico en el ámbito militar / Acute Stress Disorders: Considerations from a clinical case in the military field

Introducción: Se presenta el caso de un militar de 32 años, varón, diagnosticado de trastorno de estrés agudo durante su despliegue en zona de operaciones en Afganistán. La sintomatología que manifestaba el paciente le incapacitaba para el servicio.Objetivo: El objetivo terapéutico es el control de la sintomatología de estrés del paciente y la normalización de su estado psicológico, para conseguir su completa reincorporación al servicio activo.Material y métodos: Diseño de caso único, pre-postratamiento. Para el diagnóstico y medida postratamiento se utilizó el Cuestionario de Adaptación 6RA, el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo y la escala de Síntomas de Estrés Agudo. Se aplicó un programa terapéutico breve compuesto de 7 sesiones y basado en psicoeducación, reestructuración cognitiva, entrenamiento en técnicas de relajación y exposición en vivo.Resultados: La evaluación postratamiento muestra una notable reducción de la sintomatología de estrés agudo. La normalización del estado psicológico del paciente permitió la reincorporación a su puesto, completando el resto de la misión sin novedad.Conclusiones: El presente trabajo pone de manifiesto la efectividad de las psicoterapias breves para el tratamiento de trastornos de estrés en operaciones militares en el exterior, al permitir al militar mantener su operatividad y reincorporarse al servicio lo más rápidamente posible. Las medidas preventivas previas al despliegue son fundamentales para la adaptación del militar.(AU)

Introduction: The case of a 32-year-old military man diagnosed with acute stress disorder during his deployment to the area of ​​operations in Afghanistan is presented. The symptoms manifested by the patient incapacitated him for the service.Objective: The therapeutic objective is to control the patient's stress symptoms and to normalize their psychological condition, to achieve their full return to active duty.Material and Methods: Single case design, pre-post treatment. The instruments used for the diagnosis and post-treatment measure were the Adaptation Questionnaire 6RA, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Acute Stress Symptoms Scale. A short therapeutic program of 7 sessions was applied, based on psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, training in relaxation techniques and live exposure.Results: The post-treatment evaluation shows a significant reduction in the symptoms of acute stress. The normalization of the patient's psychological condition allowed him to return to work, completing the rest of the mission without incident.Conclusions: This paper shows the effectiveness of brief psychotherapies for the treatment of stress disorders in military operations abroad. These psychotherapies allow the military to maintain its operability and rejoin the military service as soon as possible. Pre-deployment preventive measures are essential for the military's adaptation.(AU)

Loneliness Following Widowhood: The Role of the Military and Social Support.

OBJECTIVES: Increased loneliness is a common consequence of widowhood in later life. However, individuals with high levels of perceived social support from friends tend to cope more effectively following major social losses like widowhood. Military service is associated with cultivation of strong social support structures. This effect may not only influence those who serve, but also their spouses. Roughly half of older women today are married to veterans, which could shape how they cope with widowhood. We tested two hypotheses: (a) widows of veterans will be less lonely following widowhood compared to their nonveteran counterparts, and (b) this effect will be explained by perceived social support from friends. METHODS: We used the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine changes in loneliness following widowhood among wives of veterans and nonveterans. We used Ordinary Least Squares regression and mediation tests to address our hypotheses. RESULTS: Net of baseline differences, widows of veterans reported statistically lower levels of loneliness (p < .05) following widowhood compared to widows of nonveterans. Widows of veterans retained the same level of perceived social support from friends pre- and postwidowhood, whereas nonveteran wives experienced a loss. Perceived social support from friends mediated the association between veteran status of the deceased spouse and loneliness. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest wives of veterans may have more resilient social support structures than nonveteran spouses, helping them cope at widowhood. Future research should explore whether these effects persist in association with other major stressful events in later life.

Benefits of PsyCap Training on the Wellbeing in Military Personnel / Benefi cios del Entrenamiento en PsyCap Sobre el Bienestar del Personal Militar

Background: Psychosocial risks associated to the military life affect the performance and the psychological wellbeing of the military personnel adversely. However, Psychological Capital (PsyCap) is known to modulate positively these risks. The aim of this study is to test if a PsyCap-based training programme may enhance and shield the psychological wellbeing and PsyCap of the military personnel, benefiting both the individual and the employer organisation. Method: To determine the efficacy of the psychological training program a two way (fixed) ANOVA design was run and the R2 size effect was calculated in a sample of 90 Spanish military, comparing the 41 participants who were involved in PsyCap-based training programme with the control counterparts (N = 49). Results: Comparing the treatment group with its control counterpart we observed a remarkable increase in PsyCap of 15.18%, whilst the Psychological Wellbeing showed an 8.04% increase at the completion of the study respect to the control group. Conclusions: A training program based on the Psychological Capital enhances itself and helps to keep the wellbeing levels in the military personnel. (AU)

Antecedentes: los riesgos laborales asociados a la vida castrense tienen un impacto negativo sobre el bienestar y desempeño profesional de los militares. No obstante, el Capital Psicológico ha mostrado un efecto modulador positivo sobre ellos. Este estudio pretende analizar si un programa de entrenamiento fundamentado en el Capital Psicológico permite mejorar y proteger tanto el bienestar psicológico como el propio Capital Psicológico, beneficiando tanto al individuo como a la organización militar. Método: para determinar la eficacia del programa de entrenamiento propuesto se aplicó un ANOVA de dos factores de efectos fijos y se calculó el tamaño del efecto para las variables estudiadas en una muestra de 90 militares por la comparación de las medidas pre y post de los 41 participantes del programa con las del grupo control (N = 49). Resultados: al comparar ambos grupos experimentales (tratamiento y control) se observa una diferencia positiva significativa de un 15,18% para el Capital Psicológico, y del 8,04% para el Bienestar Psicológico a la finalización del estudio. Conclusiones: la aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento fundamentado en el Capital Psicológico produce mejoras en sí mismo y ayuda a mantener los niveles de bienestar del personal militar. (AU)

The effect of military training on the sense of agency and outcome processing.

Armed forces often rely on strict hierarchical organization, where people are required to follow orders. In two cross-sectional studies, we investigate whether or not working in a military context influences the sense of agency and outcome processing, and how different durations (junior cadets vs senior cadets) and types (cadets vs privates) of military experience may modulate these effects. Participants could administer painful electrical shocks to a 'victim' in exchange for money, either by their own free choice, or following orders of the experimenter. Results indicate that working in a strictly hierarchical structure may have a generalized negative impact on one's own sense of agency and outcome processing by reducing it, even when participants could freely decide their action. However, trained officers showed an enhanced sense of agency and outcome processing. This study offers insights on the potential for training the sense of agency and outcome processing.

La psicología militar en la prevención de salud mental durante la pandemia por SARS-Cov-2 / Military psychology in mental health prevention in Spain during the SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic

La literatura científica señala que las situaciones de emergencias y desastres tienen un impacto más elevado para la salud mental que para la salud física. No había razones para pensar que la pandemia por COVID-19 y la situación de estado de alarma fueran a impactar menos que epidemias anteriores. Por ello, la psicología militar debía aportar algunas de sus capacidades para reducir el impacto de la emergencia en la salud mental de una parte de la población. MÉTODO: Se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas en PubMed, PsycINFO y EBSCOhost de cara a analizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental. Además, se describen algunas de las diferentes actuaciones que ha llevado a cabo la psicología militar en todo el territorio nacional, durante la mencionada crisis sanitaria. RESULTADOS: Se observa un impacto psicológico negativo del COVID-19 en países como China, Argelia, Irán, India, Italia, España, Reino Unido o Alemania. La psicología militar realizó al menos 15000 actuaciones, aunque no todas se concretaron en intervenciones psicológicas y solo unas 8000 se pudieron contabilizar formalmente. El 40% de las personas atendidas recibieron al menos una intervención psicológica (13% en formato individual y 27% en sesión grupal para intervinientes). De las actuaciones individuales contabilizadas, aproximadamente el 18% derivó en intervención psicológica. En las intervenciones individuales se observaron síntomas de salud mental negativos, así como patrones de resiliencia para gestionar el estrés. Las actuaciones se llevaron a cabo con: Trabajadores y usuarios de residencias de mayores y centros de personas vulnerables; hospitalizados y familiares de hospitalizados y fallecidos por COVID-19; militares intervinientes en la emergencia; familiares de militares; trabajadores civiles del Ministerio de Defensa; militares en situación de retiro; y viudas de militares. CONCLUSIONES: Según la literatura científica, la emergencia sanitaria ha tenido un impacto negativo en la salud mental. Sin embargo, pese a los síntomas negativos, los individuos también demuestran patrones de resiliencia bien establecidos

Scientific community indicates that emergency and disaster situations have a higher impact on mental health than on physical health. There was no reason to believe that outbreak COVID-19 and state of alarm were going to impact less than previous epidemics. For this reason, military psychology needed to contribute with some of its capabilities to reduce the impact of the emergency on the mental health of part of the population. METHOD: Bibliographic searches in PubMed, PsycINFO and EBSCOhost were performed for analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. In addition, some of the actions that military psychology has carried out throughout the Nation are described. RESULTS: A negative psychological impact of COVID-19 was observed in countries such as China, Algeria, Iran, India, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom or Germany. Military psychology carried out at least 15,000 actions, although not all of them resulted in psychological interventions and about half of them were formally accounted. Approximately 40% of the people received at least one psychological intervention (13% in individual format and 27% in group session for participants). Of the individual actions recorded, about 18% needed psychological first aid. Negative symptoms but also positive resilience patterns were observed in people. Actions were done in different contexts: Workers and users of nursing homes and centers for vulnerable people; hospitalized and hospitalized's relatives and deceased by COVID-19; military personnel as first workers; military relatives; civil workers from the Ministry of Defense; retired military personnel; and military widows. CONCLUSIONS: According to the scientific literature, this outbreak has had a negative impact on mental health. However, despite negative symptoms, people also presented resilience patterns

Military operational psychology.

With increasing requirements for expeditionary support to military units, models of integrated and embedded psychology have emerged. Operational psychology represents one such model. Military operational psychologists receive specialized training, are embedded in operational units, and are employed to provide operational mission support to organizations and their personnel as opposed to providing individual health care per se. The following article describes the employment of military operational psychology and discusses its unique organizational and ethical challenges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

In the immediate wake of Hoffman's independent review: Psychologist and general public perceptions.

In 2015, the American Psychological Association (APA) commissioned an independent review (IR) to examine APA's potential involvement with "enhanced interrogation" procedures following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The IR concluded that certain APA officials acted together with the Department of Defense to "align APA and curry favor with" the Department of Defense to allow the involvement of psychologists in such enhanced interrogations (Hoffman et al., 2015, p. 9). Discussion following the IR's release underscored differences in the views of psychologists regarding the IR's conclusions. Despite extensive discussion, there is only anecdotal evidence regarding the views of psychologists on many of the questions investigated in the IR. This study examined the opinions of psychologists and the public shortly after the IR's release regarding the roles of psychologists in national security interrogations and other non-treatment-focused contexts. This survey of psychologists (N = 1,146) engaged in treatment-focused and non-treatment-focused activities, and of the general public (N = 522), sheds light on the broader perceptions of the IR's conclusions, and is relevant in considering future directions for the profession. Results suggest that the public is more accepting of psychologists' involvement in national security settings, including involvement in many of the activities highlighted as problematic in the IR, than are psychologists. The perceptions of treatment-focused and non-treatment-focused psychologists regarding the appropriate roles of psychologists in national security settings did not differ significantly. These empirical data should help inform the ongoing discussion in this area. None of the authors is associated with an unequivocal position on the IR or the issues addressed as part of it. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Uncovering the metaphysics of psychological warfare: The social science behind the Psychological Strategy Board's operations planning, 1951-1953.

In April 1951 president Harry S. Truman established the Psychological Strategy Board to enhance and streamline America's sprawling psychological warfare campaign against the USSR. As soon as the Board's staff began work on improving US psychological operations, they wondered how social science might help them achieve their task. Board Director, Gordon Gray, asked physicist turned research administrator Henry Loomis to do a full review of America's social science research program in support of psychological operations. Loomis willingly accepted the task. This paper documents Loomis's investigation into America's social science research program. It uncovers the critical role that government departments had in the creation of research in the early 1950s and thus highlights that the government official is an important actor in the history of social science and the application of social science to psychological operations at the beginning of the Cold War.

Daily Life, Communication and Affections of Siblings and Parents of Military Service Members in Mission / Cotidiano, Comunicação e Afetos dos Irmãos e Progenitores dos Militares em Missão / Rutina, Comunicación y Afectos de los Hermanos y Padres de los Militares en Misión

Abstract The Portuguese military in mission state that parents and siblings are a fundamental support; however, research is very scarce in this area. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a mission on the daily life, communication and emotional responses of 227 relatives of 92 military personnel, 114 siblings (M age = 29.14, SD = 9.81) e 113 parents (M age = 55.06, SD = 9.12). A questionnaire related to the mission was applied, focusing on changes in the daily life, social support, communication and advice to other family members; and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule since receiving notification. The results revealed that the parents suffered more with the notification and that there were changes in family functioning and in the functional support. Communication with the deployed military service member strengthens family relationships, morale, and well-being. Participants reported emotions of concern and pride, and gave advice based on a positive attitude toward the military and the mission.

Resumo Os militares portugueses em missão costumam mencionar que pais e irmãos são um apoio fundamental, contudo a investigação é muito escassa nesta área. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o impacto de uma missão no cotidiano, comunicação e nas respostas emocionais de 227 familiares de 92 militares, 114 irmãos (M idade = 29.14, DP = 9.81) e 113 progenitores (M idade = 55.06, DP = 9.12). Aplicou-se um questionário relativo à missão, focando alterações do cotidiano, suporte social, comunicação e conselhos a outros familiares; e a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos perante a notificação da mesma. Os resultados revelaram que os progenitores sofreram mais com a notificação e que existiram alterações no funcionamento familiar e no suporte funcional. A comunicação com o militar destacado fortalece as relações familiares, a moral e o bem-estar. Os participantes destacaram as emoções de preocupação e orgulho assim como conselhos pautados por uma atitude positiva face aos militares e à missão.

Resumen Los militares portugueses en misión mencionan que los padres y hermanos son un apoyo fundamental, pero la investigación es muy escasa en esta área. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el impacto de una misión en la vida cotidiana, la comunicación y las respuestas emocionales de 227 familiares de 92 militares, 114 hermanos (M edad = 29.14 SD = 9.81) y 113 padres (M edad = 55.06, SD = 9.12). Se aplicó un cuestionario de misión, centrado en los cambios diarios, el apoyo social, la comunicación y el asesoramiento a otros miembros de la familia; y la Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos tras la notificación. Los resultados revelaron que los padres sufrieron más con la notificación y que hubo cambios en el funcionamiento familiar y el apoyo funcional. La comunicación con el militar separado fortalece las relaciones familiares, la moral y el bienestar. Los participantes destacaron emociones de preocupación y orgullo, así como consejos basados en una actitud positiva hacia los militares y la misión.

Familia y proceso de reintegración de excombatientes en el conflicto armado colombiano: estado del arte 2010-2018 / Family and reintegration process in the Colombian armed conflict: state of the art 2000-2018

En el marco del conflicto armado la producción de conocimiento sobre Desmovilización, Desarme y Reintegración reconoce a la familia como un factor fundamental en el proceso de reintegración, tal y cómo se encuentra al interior de diversas producciones, aunque las mismas no hayan sido lo suficientemente difundidas. En este artículo, analizamos la producción académica en torno a la familia durante el proceso de reintegración, teniendo como contexto la desmovilización de personas de Grupos Armados Ilegales (GAI) en Colombia. Construimos un estado del arte con artículos y tesis durante el periodo 2010-2018 publicadas revistas indexadas y centros de investigación universitarios. Entre los resultados se destaca la importancia de la familia como factor de riesgo y protección en el proceso de reintegración, se identifican los ajustes en las dinámicas familiares antes, durante y después de la vinculación al grupo armado y se exploran perspectivas de género en las transformaciones de sujetos y familias

In the framework of the armed conflict the production of knowledge on Demobilization, Dis-armament and Reintegration recognizes the family as a fundamental factor in the process of reintegration, as it is found within various productions, even though these have not been sufficiently disseminated. In this article, we analyze the academic production around the family during the reintegration process, taking as a context the demobilization of people from Illegal Armed Groups (IAG) in Colombia. We build a state of the art with articles and theses during the period 2010-2018 published in indexed journals and university research centers. Among the results, we highlight the importance of the family as a risk and protection factor in the reintegration process, we identify the adjustments in family dynamics before, during and after joining the armed group, and we explore gender perspectives in the transformations of subjects and families

A contribuição de Robert Yerkes para a engenharia humana como instrumento de dominação de classe: uma primeira aproximação / Robert Yerkes' contribution to human engineering as an instrument of class domination: a first approximation / La contribuición de Robert Mearns Yerkes para la ingeniería humana como instrumento de dominación de clase: una primera aproximación

O período de 1870 a 1920 é conhecido como aquele no qual diversos teóricos da psicologia estadunidense estabelecem as diretrizes teóricas e políticas da independência da disciplina frente às demais ciências e às reflexões filosóficas. A psicologia comparada proposta por Robert Mearns Yerkes é uma das mais importantes do final do século XIX e das duas primeiras décadas do século seguinte. As obras do autor referentes à evolução do sistema nervoso central e periférico e suas relações com a inteligência, em conjunto com a psicologia militar e a eugenia, possibilitam, ao menos em parte, a concretização da engenharia humana e de suas futuras aplicações em diversos setores da sociedade estadunidense como instrumento de dominação da classe dominante. Como se trata de uma obra vasta e variadas aplicações na vida cotidiana, pensamos que essa primeira aproximação seja aprofundada em futuras investigações acerca dos movimentos da classe trabalhadora durante o processo de modernização da indústria e da grande reforma social pela qual a sociedade estadunidense à época. Movimentos amplamente desprezados pela historiografia da psicologia estadunidense.(AU)

The period from 1870 to 1920 is known as the one in which several theorists of American psychology establish the theoretical and political guidelines of the discipline's independence from other sciences and philosophical domain. The comparative psychology proposed by Robert Mearns Yerkes is one of the most important of the late nineteenth century and the first two decades of the following century. The author's works on the evolution of the central and peripheral nervous system and its relations with intelligence, taken together with military psychology and eugenics, enable, at least in part, the concretization of human engineering and its future applications in various sectors of the American society as an instrument of domination of the ruling class. As it is a vast work and of varied applications in everyday life, we think that this first approximation will be deepened in future investigations about the movements of the working class during the process of modernization of the industry and of the great social reform by which the American society happened to the time. These movements were widely neglected by the historiography of American psychology.(AU)

El período de 1870 a 1920 es conocido como aquel en el cual diversos teóricos de la psicología estadounidense establecen las directrices teóricas y políticas de la independencia de la disciplina frente a las demás ciencias y reflexiones filosóficas. La psicología comparada propuesta por Robert Mearns Yerkes es una de las más importantes del fin del siglo XIX y de las dos primeras décadas del siglo siguiente. Las obras del autor referentes a la evolución del sistema nervioso central y periférico y sus relaciones con la inteligencia, en conjunto con la psicología militar y la eugenesia, posibilitan, al menos en parte, la concreción de la ingeniería humana y de sus futuras aplicaciones en diversos sectores de la sociedad estadounidense como instrumento de dominación de la clase dominante. Como se trata de una obra vasta y de variadas aplicaciones en la vida cotidiana, esperamos que esa primera aproximación sea profundizada en futuras investigaciones acerca de los movimientos de la clase trabajadora durante el proceso de modernización de la industria y de la gran reforma social por la que la sociedad estadounidense pasaba en esa época. Estos movimientos fueron ampliamente despreciados por la historiografía de la psicología estadounidense.(AU)

Valoración psicológica de los aspirantes a ofciales y subofciales de las Fuerzas Armadas. Infuencia de la deseabilidad social / Psychological assessment of candidates armed forces offcers and NCO'S. Infuence of social desirability

INTRODUCCIÓN: Análisis sobre la importancia de realizar una óptima selección de los aspirantes a Ofciales y Subofciales de las Fuerzas Armadas. OBJETIVOS: Revisar la frecuencia de las evaluaciones psicológicas realizadas a los aspirantes a ofciales y subofciales de las Fuerzas Armadas y las variables implicadas, así como describir el contexto normativo en el que se enmarca y las difcultades que se plantean. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y retrospectivo de los aspirantes a ofciales y subofciales en julio y agosto de 2016, considerados "no aptos provisionales" en el Inventario de Personalidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (IPFAS). Estos aspirantes fueron evaluados por psicólogos en la Unidad de Reconocimientos del HCD Gómez Ulla para determinar si se encontraban dentro de los criterios de exclusión médica de la normativa vigente. RESULTADOS: Se identifcaron 114 aspirantes (7.39%) que obtuvieron puntuaciones que indicaban desajustes en la personalidad, de un total de 1542 que realizaron su reconocimiento médico. La valoración para éstos consistió en entrevista clínica, Cuestionario de Salud e Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon (MCMI-III). Resultaron "no aptos" 32 aspirantes (2,07% del total). CONCLUSIONES: Sería benefcioso aprovechar las medidas de personalidad aportadas por el IPFAS para seleccionar a los futuros mandos en base a la posesión de atributos relacionados con el éxito profesional independientemente de la valoración médica que explora patología mental, así como encontrar una solución para poder decidir sobre la aptitud de los aspirantes que distorsionan e invalidan las pruebas como resultado de una deseabilidad social anormalmente elevada

INTRODUCTION: Analysis on the importance of performing optimum selective process of candidates Armed Forces offcers and NCO's. Objetive: To assess the frequency of the psychological evaluations performed to candidates offcers and NCO's and the variables involved, as well as to describe the normative context and the diffculties that may arise. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, transversal and retrospective study of candidates offcers and NCO's declared as "provisionally not suitable" according to the Armed Forces Personality Inventory (IPFAS) carried out during July and August 2016. These people were assessed at the Reconnaissance Unit located in HCD Gomez Ulla in order to determine if they met the medical exclusion criteria according to existing legislation. RESULTS: 114 candidates out of a total of 1542 (7.39%) were identifed whose scores indicated personality misadjustments. For these individuals, the assessments consisted of clinical interview and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. 32 candidates were found "not suitable" (2.07% of the total). Conclussions: It would be convenient to take beneft from personality measurements provided by IPFAS in order to select future commanders based on possession of personal qualities or attributes related to professional success, regardless of the medical assessment exploring mental pathology, as well as coming up with a solution allowing to take a decision on the suitability of the candidates that distort and invalidate the tests as a consequence of a social desirability abnormally elevated

Retomando un clásico / Bringing back malingering

No disponible

La Psicología Militar española en misiones internacionales. Lecciones aprendidas en Afganistán / Spanish Military Psychology on international operations. Lessons learned in Afghanistan

En el marco de la Fuerza Internacional de Asistencia para la Seguridad (International Security Assistance Force, ISAF) de la OTAN, España mantuvo desplegado desde 2005 a 2014 en Herat (Afganistán) un Hospital Militar de Campaña (Role 2 Enhanced, en termi-nología OTAN) dotado, entre otras especialidades, de un Servicio de Psicología. Durante casi diez años de misión, los psicólogos mi-litares allí comisionados han ejercido diversas funciones, incluyendo la clínica-asistencial, asesora, preventiva y pericial, cuyo objetivo ha sido mejorar el bienestar y la salud psicológica de nuestro personal desplegado en zona de operaciones. En el presente trabajo se expone, a modo de lecciones aprendidas, una serie de reflexiones y propuestas al objeto de contribuir al mejor funcionamiento del Servicio de Psicología Militar en operaciones internacionales en el exterior y, por ende, a la mejora de la adaptación a las mismas de los contingentes que participan en ellas

Within the framework of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), a NATO-led mission, Spain deployed from 2005 to 2014 in Herat, Afghanistan, a (Role 2 Enhanced) military field hospital endowed with, among other health specialties, a psychology service. During almost ten years of mission, military psychologists commissioned there performed various functions and tasks, including clinical-assistance, support to commanders, preventive and expert duties, whose goal was to improve the well-being and psychological health of our personnel deployed in the area of operations. Lessons learned from this experience are presented in this paper. In this respect, several reflections and proposals are presented, the objective of which is to contribute to a better functioning of the military psychology service in international operations abroad and, therefore, to the improvement of the adaptation of our contingents engaged in these operations